Britannic The Yong Childrens Encyclopedia
IntroductionGiven the importance attributed to maternal care in cultural ideals 1 and psychological theories, 2 and the working role assumed by the majority of mothers with very young children, there has been widespread concern about effects of non-maternal child care for young children, and for infants in particular.SubjectRates of employment for the mothers of infants and preschoolers have tripled in the US since 1969. In fact, in the U.S., the majority (63%) of women with children under 3 spends time in the labor force and their children experience considerable amounts of non-maternal care. Reliance on non-maternal child care beginning in the first year of life has become normative. 3,4 The number of weekly hours of paid employment among mothers has also grown, along with the number of hours of child care. In 1998, 38% of women with children under 3 worked full time throughout the year, compared with 7% in 1969.
The very young children of unemployed mothers experience child care on a regular basis too. 3 Figures from the National Household Education Survey in 2001 indicated that 53% of 1-year-olds and 59% of 2-year-olds received regularly scheduled child care in the United States. 5 Are there systematic effects for young children of early child care experiences in the first two years of life?ProblemsTo understand the effects of early child care, we must address many facets of the care experience — the amount, type and quality of child care provided, the age at which care was initiated, and the stability or changes introduced regarding care and caregivers. Moreover, the effects of child care may depend on characteristics in individual children (especially child temperament and gender) and families (such as income, attitudes towards working, and quality of parenting). For example, longer hours of child care during infancy or more changes in care may be harmful for children with certain temperamental characteristics, but beneficial or benign for others. Measuring the effects of early child care must rely largely on non-experimental, correlational designs that disentangle the true effects of early child care from differences among the families who use child care services.In the early 1990s, the National Institute for Child Health and Human Development initiated the NICHD Study of Early Child Care, a large-scale longitudinal study of children and their families. To investigate the short-term and long-term effects of the child care experience, a sample of over 1,200 children from all over the United States were monitored from birth.This study carefully examined the characteristics of the child care contexts chosen by the children’s families, the characteristics of the families, the children’s experiences within the family, and multiple domains of child outcomes over time (see NICHD Early Child Care Research Network 6 for a comprehensive overview).
Technology in early childhood education Screen media are increasingly common in young children's life. It is therefore essential to understand the impact of specific technologies such as tablets or e-books for literacy and the best ways to include these technologies in children's routine at home, in childcare or in the classroom. The Young children's encyclopedia: Volume 14. By Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. Publication date 1970. Topics Children's encyclopedias and dictionaries, Encyclopedias and dictionaries. Publisher Chicago, Encyclopaedia Britannica. Internet Archive Books. American Libraries.
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The families were representative of the various local populations from which they were recruited. Most of the children experienced child care beginning early in their first year. 3 Greater use of child care in infancy was related most strongly to family economic factors, but the mothers’ education, personality, and beliefs, as well as family size were also associated with child care use. A variety of types of care were used in infancy, including centre care, family child care, relative care, in-home care, and father care. Both low-income and high-income families had their children in higher-quality child care centres in infancy; higher-quality care in homes was associated with higher incomes.
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Current understanding of the effects of early child care stems largely from widely published results of this large-scale study, but also from other notable studies conducted both in the United States and internationally.Research ContextRecent research has emphasized the long-lasting effects of early environmental influences 5 and their significance for emotional security, cognitive development, and learning skills. Indeed, the effects of child care need to be addressed by examining the nature of child care experiences and accompanying family experiences. Early research on the effects of child care has largely ignored selection biases, and such biases may still be under-controlled in research. But attempts to disentangle family from child care effects may also lead to underestimating child care effects, 5,7 given the reciprocal effects between child care and families.